CXCL12 and ischemia: The chemokines, which consist mainly of SDF-1α, VEGF, and HGF, are called trophic factors that have been reported to contribute to the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cell/MSC into circulation and homing to ischemic area for angiogenesis/vasculogenesis and regeneration, thereby improving ischemia-related organ dysfunction [24-27].