HIV-1 infection caused significant changes in the expression of cellular factors involved in HIV-1 infection such as BANF1, CD247, TRIM5, VPS4A, XPO1, CD209 and to a lesser extent, changed the expression levels of a β-transducin repeat containing (BTRC), CBX5, and HTATSF1. HD cells showed enhanced expression of genes coding for factors known to restrict HIV-1 replication such as CD209, APOBEC3F, Tat specific factor 1 (TAT-SF1), and tripartite motif-containing 5 (TRIM5) (Figure 4C). Here, VPS4A is linked to HIV-1 infection.