The predominant AA-DNA adduct, 7-(deoxyadenosin-N6-yl)aristolactam I (dA-AAI), which is the most persistent of the adducts in the target tissue, is a mutagenic lesion leading to A→T transversions in the p53 gene in DNA from urothelial tumors of AAN and BEN patients (Lord et al., 2004; Arlt et al., 2007; Grollman et al., 2007). The gene discussed is TP53; the disease is Balkan nephropathy.