CASK and autism: Interestingly, we found several genes that can be related to neural functions and behavioral plasticity: (1) cask is involved in regulation of neurotransmitter release [37] and was a gregarious marker gene candidate; (2) Fmr1, whose deficiency sometimes is accompanied by autism-like behavior [38], can function in adult neurogenesis [39] and showed constitutively higher expression in gregarious locusts; (3) Malvolio, which is required for fly taste behavior [40], constitutively higher expressed in gregarious locusts and may be related to differences in feeding behavior of two phases.