Systemic hyperandrogenaemia may be producing a systemic oxidative stress that contributes to insulin resistance [54] and studies on cultured rat myotubes exposed to low (within physiological range) and high testosterone concentrations showed that low testosterone exposure increased IRS-1 and Akt phosphorylation, demonstrating the link between a hyperandrogenic and hyperinsulineamic environment [55]. Here, IRS1 is linked to Insulin resistance.