TNF and ulcerative colitis: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1-β (IL1-β) seem to play an important role in ulcerative colitis (UC) in relevant experimental models [29] and are linked to colorectal cancers via inducing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [30, 31] or causing a significant increase in the release of soluble B7-H3 in colon cancer cell lines [32].