TNF and infection: Upon L. monocytogenes infection, infected macrophages secrete a number of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, interleukin-12 (IL-12), and chemokines that lead to the activation and recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, and γδ T cells that control the infection until adaptive T-cell responses eventually clear the bacteria and provide sterile immunity [16]–[21].