TNF and tuberculosis: Consistent with our results, two recent studies comparing MTB-specific functional T cell subsets in active TB and LTBI using ICS and flow-cytometry for IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α similarly found that ESAT-6/CFP-10-specific IL-2-only secreting T cells were significantly increased in latently infected household contacts in The Gambia [37] and ESAT-6/CFP-10-specific dual IFN-γ/IL-2-secreting T cells were increased in latently infected healthcare workers in Italy [36].