Finally, they represented diverse molecular classes – cytokines (TNF, IL-12p40, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF), chemokines (RANTES, MCP-1), enzymes (iNOS, cyclooxygenase [COX] 2) and cell-surface co-stimulatory proteins (Delta-4, CD40, GITRL) – with known roles in immune responses to infection. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.