The purposes of this study are to determine: 1) the effect of PGN and LPS on the inflammatory responses in human CAECs, 2) whether TLR2/4 levels, signaling and TLR2/4-mediated expression of pro-inflammatory mediators are altered in CAECs from T1D patients, and 3) the effect of insulin on the inflammatory responses in diabetic CAECs. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.