MAPK1 and Miyoshi myopathy: For example, abnormal activation of the Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated (ERK) pathway occurs in many human cancers, including MM [2], due to mutations in upstream membrane receptors, Ras and B-Raf, as well as mutations in genes regulating Raf activity that reportedly induces chemoresistance to doxorubicin (Dox) and paclitaxel in breast cancer cells [3].