AKT1 and Insulin resistance: The implications, however, of altered PI3K p85 subunit expression on insulin resistance are somewhat unclear in the literature, in which the majority of studies have reported increased p85 expression to be associated with insulin resistance in human muscle and animals [62]−[65] and downregulation of p85 has been reported to reverse the inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes caused by constitutively active PKB [66].