SMAD3 and Hepatic fibrosis: Although TGFβ1 transcription was reported to be Smad3-dependent [17], the undetectable decrease of TGFβ1 mRNA expression in NPLC0393 treated liver fibrosis mice might be due to the other signaling pathways besides TGFβ-Smad3, which are also involved in TGFβ1 expression.