ATM and Epstein-Barr virus infection: EBV infection of BL cell lines or heterologous expression of EBNA1,EBNA3C, or LMP1 in BL cell lines increased the frequency of non-clonalchromosomal aberrations (Gruhne et al.,2009a; Gruhne et al., 2009b).EBNA1 increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) through transcriptionalup-regulation of NOX2, EBNA3C perturbed mitotic spindle checkpoints throughBubR1 down-regulation, and LMP1 attenuated ATM protein levels and decreased DNArepair.