Genes that activated the immune response included the NFκB family members and their co-activator B-cell leukemia (BCL3), and the activator protein-1 components (JUNB and fos-like antigen 2 (FOSL2)), while factors that mediate the effects of IFN (interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 1, IRF4, IRF7, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1, STAT2, STAT3) were also up-regulated in response to infection. This evidence concerns the gene IRF4 and infection.