TNF and infection: Although no significant cytokine/chemokine induction was observed during the early phase of H1N1 infection; IP-10/CXCL-10, TNF-α, TGF-β2, CCL-5/RANTES, IL-8, and IL-6 were found to be 4-450 folds induced during the late phase of infection (Figure 2, Table 2).