Laboratory infections established the requirement for scGal-LPG in PpapJ midgut survival: L. major mutants or Leishmania species expressing scGal-deficient LPG, or lacking LPG entirely, could not establish stable PpapJ infections [12], [16], [21], [22], [23], [24] and bound poorly to isolated PpapJ midguts and recombinant PpGalec receptors in vitro[19]. Here, APOE is linked to infection.