However, the aberrant kininogen-1 expression is apparently not cancer-specific since decreased levels of the protein had previously been reported in the urine of patients with chronic pancreatitis [14], interstitial cystitis [25] and IgA nephropathy [26], although the cause for the altered levels of kininogen-1 in these diseases may have been different. The gene discussed is KNG1; the disease is chronic pancreatitis.