However, the aberrant kininogen-1 expression is apparently not cancer-specific since decreased levels of the protein had previously been reported in the urine of patients with chronic pancreatitis [14], interstitial cystitis [25] and IgA nephropathy [26], although the cause for the altered levels of kininogen-1 in these diseases may have been different. This evidence concerns the gene KNG1 and IgA glomerulonephritis.