These cells produced undetectable active TGF-β1 at baseline (HCMV TR-/raTGF-β1-), with HCMV infection alone (HCMV TR+/raTGF-β1-), and produced only a small amount of detectable active TGF-β1 after raTGF-β1 stimulation (HCMV TR-/raTGF-β1+), consistent with data derived from studies of HK-2 cells (Figure 3A). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cytomegalovirus infection.