This result differed from results shown by others for HCMV infected fibroblasts and astrocytes, where HCMV infection induced TGF-β1 production, and may reflect biological differences between infection of those cell types as compared to renal epithelial cells and possibly the strain of virus utilized in these previous studies [25], [26]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cytomegalovirus infection.