In the last few years several genetic causes for alterations in Th17 immunity have been identified which are linked with defects in anti-fungal immunity, including mutations in STAT3 (Hyper IgE syndrome; HIES), AIRE (autoimmune polyendrocrinopathy with candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy; APECED), Dectin-1 (which was discussed above) and CARD9 [80]. This evidence concerns the gene STAT3 and hyper-IgE syndrome.