INS and Autoimmunity: It therefore is noteworthy that the three DnaK-binding regions of proinsulin, amino acids B9-25 of the B-chain, C15-31 of the C-peptide and A6-21 of the A-chain superimpose with the three major target regions for T-cell autoimmune reactivity in the NOD mouse model or in humans with β-cell autoimmunity [18,34-36].