TLR9 and autoimmune disease: Recently, release of endogenous TLR ligands during inflammation and the consequent activation of TLR signaling pathways have been indicated and polymorphism of the TLR4 and TLR9 gene have been reported to be associated with many autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), atherosclerosis, asthma, type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [14,23-31].