This indicates that its role in carcinogenesis is not limited to metastatic spread, but that impairment of E-cadherin may provide a growth advantage at an earlier stage – such as in non-malignant, low-grade papillary neoplasms of the bladder [50], early-stage carcinomas of the cervix [51], or in tumours where E-cadherin protein is expressed heterogeneously [50], [52]. Here, CDH1 is linked to cervical carcinoma.