CX3CL1 and brain ischemia: Cytokines (especially IL-1β and TNF-α) stimulate the production and release of specific chemokines after cerebral ischemia, such as CINC (cytokine induced neutrophil chemoattractant), MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant 1), fractalkine, MRF-1 (microglial response factor-1) and MIP-1 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1).