The sharp increase of key pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, -6, -8 and TNF-α at day 2 after infection as determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA is significant and coincides with peak virus replication in SK-N-SH cells suggesting that active virus replication in these cells is a main determinant of cytokines up-regulation (Figure 2). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is infection.