ACE and diabetic kidney disease: Demarcation of subjects according to ethnicity shows that the Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups with both T2DM and diabetic nephropathy were not independently associated with ACE I/D gene polymorphism, disputing the finding of Ng et al.[37] To our knowledge, there have not been any previous studies in the Malay ethnic group on the association between the ACE gene and diabetic nephropathy.