Exposure of chimpanzees to RA vaccine also induced a type 1 cytokine response after the vaccination, as measured by the rapid increase in IFN-γ in SWAP- and SEA-stimulated PBMC cultures [32].The level of IFN-γ in the RA-immunized Grivet monkeys was higher than in controls [33].The involvement of IFN-γ in protective immunity to schistosomiasis is well-documented for the murine model. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and schistosomiasis.