AR and cancer: Previous studies have implicated VAV3 in the pathogenesis of the prostate: (i) VAV3 expression has been detected in the prostate, at increased levels in cancer cells [67]; (ii) it has been shown to interact with the AR pathway, stimulating ligand-independent cell growth in LNCAP-hormone-refractory cells [67], [68], and (iii) targeting of constitutively active VAV3 expression to the prostate induced PCa in mice [69].