IL9 and inflammation: In this respect, Sugimoto and colleagues [176] demonstrated that the intranasal application of antigen and IL-18 induced AHR and airway inflammation, accompanied by the production of a mast cell similar cytokine profile, including GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-9, IL-13, RANTES, and MIP-1α by reactivation of TH1 memory cells.