To assess if there were any observable differences between our influenza-infected smoke-exposed pioglitazone-treated and CCR2-deficient animals that could account for the differences observed in total BAL inflammation, we carried out a comprehensive flow cytometric analysis of whole lungs, and found more activated CD4 and CD8 T cells within the lungs of our smoke-exposed and influenza-infected animals treated with pioglitazone. Here, CD4 is linked to influenza.