Endogenous TLR4 ligands such as extracellular HSP72, a strongly stress-inducible 72-kDa protein that is released during ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), can stimulate hepatocytes to produce MIP-2, IL-6 and TNF-α via TLR4-NF-κB-dependent signaling [69]. Here, TLR4 is linked to ischemia reperfusion injury.