APOE and atherosclerosis: Chen and Nadziejko (2005) found a greater degree of atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice than in control mice after exposure to fine CAPs (from Tuxedo, NY). Furthermore, decreased heart rate, physical activity, and temperature along with biphasic responses in HRV were observed in ApoE−/− mice, but not in control mice, upon exposure to these CAPs (Chen and Hwang 2005). In addition, ApoE−/− mice exposed to UF and PM2.5 CAPs (from Los Angeles and Tuxedo) had larger atherosclerotic lesions than those exposed to air (e.g., Araujo et al. 2008; Sun et al. 2008).