Additionally, Ang IV can bind to the angiotensin II type 4 receptor (AT4R) or the membrane-bound, insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) (Figure 1) and mediate the enhancement of cognitive function, modulate blood flow, increase natriuresis, inhibit cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and improve endothelial function in animal models of atherosclerosis [23, 24]. Here, LNPEP is linked to atherosclerosis.