Prominent among these are interferon-stimulated genes that are also more highly expressed in lung i.n. than lung i.d. samples, namely, Aif1, Casp1, Ccl5, Ifit2, Ly6c, Psmb10, Psmb9, Psmb8, Stat1, Trex1, Ubd, Usp18 and Wars. While the common responses described were measured during the acute phase of infection, less than 8 days post-exposure, i.n. administration of Ad85A induces expression of a subset of these acute-phase inflammatory molecules three weeks post-immunization, indicating that the expression profile induced may be a unique host response to Ad85A i.n. immunization. This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and infection.