Urine TNF-α (pg/mL) was 16 ± 7 at baseline; 10 ± 4 in no AKI at two hours, 8 ± 2 in AKI at two hours; 18 ± 6 in no AKI at six hours, and 21 ± 8 in AKI at six hours (P = NS for all comparisons between groups). Here, TNF is linked to acute kidney injury.