TNF and Alzheimer disease: Isolated brain microvessels obtained from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have high levels of both cell-associated and soluble cytokines and chemokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) compared to age-matched non-AD controls [18-20].