Compared with healthy individuals, serum cytokine concentrations of interleukin-2 (IL-2) are reported to be lower, whereas concentrations of IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GMCSF), interferon (IFN)-γ, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α are higher in individuals with colorectal adenomas in some studies (Berghella et al, 1997; Mroczko et al, 2001; Galizia et al, 2002; Ordemann et al, 2002; Contasta et al, 2003; Roselli et al, 2003; Kaminska et al, 2005; Kim et al, 2008). The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is colorectal adenoma.