A soluble form of TREM-1, namely sTREM-1, is increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) [5, 6], and in the serum of patients with sepsis, with bacterial meningitis and with acute pancreatitis [7–12]. Here, TREM1 is linked to ventilator-associated pneumonia.