TNF and Alzheimer disease: To determine whether passive immunization induced neuroinflammatory responses, we examined cytokines and chemokines in brain homogenates of 22 month old 3 × tg AD mice following four weeks of treatment, including Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ), Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα), Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 (MCP-1, now CCL2, Chemokine (C-C) motif ligand 2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF1), and Chemokine (C-C) motif ligand 5 (CCL5, or RANTES).