NOD2 and celiac disease: Furthermore, the fact that there is a considerably higher prevalence of anti-microbial antibodies both in liver cirrhosis and untreated celiac disease without higher carriage of variant NOD2/CARD15 alleles [16], [49], [50], suggests that genetically-based loss of tolerance toward the gut flora [45] is not the only mechanism triggering the anti-microbial antibody formation.