Recently, TLR22 was found located on the pufferfish cell surface recognizing long dsRNA sequences, whereas mammalian nucleic acid-sensing TLRs are localized in endosomes or the ER of myeloid cells, indicating that TLR22 may be a functional substitute for mammalian TLR3 that monitors for infections by double-stranded RNA viruses [25]. Here, TLR3 is linked to infection.