We also wanted to confirm whether this activation of ERK could be observed in a human pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line (HPDE) overexpressing human Trop2 (hTrop2) since pancreatic adenocarcinoma, which represents 95% of pancreatic cancers, is thought to arise from mutations in pancreatic ductal epithelial cells [26]. Here, MAPK1 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.