Allinen et al.[18] reported that when compared with normal MECs, DCIS-associated MECs show down-regulation of a variety of genes involved in normal functions, including those for oxytocin receptor, laminin and thrombospondin, and up-regulation of genes for chemokines that enhance epithelial cell proliferation, migration, invasion and stromal angiogenesis, such as SDF1/CXCL12 and CXCL14. Here, CXCL12 is linked to ductal breast carcinoma in situ.