We have recently shown that ER stress in combination with additional insults, for example when an ER stressor is combined with atherosclerosis-relevant PRR ligands that recognize either the type A scavenger receptor (SRA) in combination with TLR4, or the type B scavenger receptor (CD36) in combination with TLR2, a synergistic induction of macrophage apoptosis ensues [46]. Here, TLR4 is linked to atherosclerosis.