TNF and cerebral malaria: The biallelic polymorphic sites at nucleotides -238, -308, -857, -863 and -1031, with seven allele patterns (TNF P-A, TNF P-B, TNF P-C, TNF P-D, TNF P-M1, TNF P-M4 and TNF P-M7) were identified in a previous study in Burmese and Karen patients who lived near Thai-Myanmar border [22] and TNF P-D allele was found to be significantly associated with the high proportion of cerebral malaria (SM) compared with UM cases.