Notwithstanding the differences in PPARA −54,642 allele frequency between Caucasians and African-Americans, in Caucasian DM subjects alone (the largest racial group) PPARA −54,642 A carriers were significantly protected against 5-year mortality compared to wild-type GG allele patients (unadjusted HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.24–0.90; P = 0.023; adjusted HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.24–0.89; P = 0.021; Table 4). This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and diabetes mellitus.