We have also demonstrated that MIG (CXCL9), as a marker of bioactive IFN-γ, is useful for measuring vaccine induced pro-inflammatory immune responses [18] in line with a previous report [19].We hypothesised that levels of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines may be associated with vaccine efficacy and we have used real time RT-PCR to monitor changes in TGF-β1, FoxP3, IL-10, IFN-γ and MIG in malaria-naïve adults receiving the candidate malaria vaccines RTS,S/AS02A and MVA-CS in a clinical trial. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and malaria.