S100B and brain injury: As mentioned earlier, at low doses, S100B protects neurons against apoptotic stimuli [68, 75, 117–119], enhances neurite outgrowth [120–125], and stimulates astrocyte proliferation [126], and the intraventricular infusion of low doses of S100B induces neurogenesis within the hippocampus, which is associated with an enhancement of cognitive functions following experimental traumatic brain injury [127, 128].