RAGE engagement by S100B causes VSMC proliferation (thus impacting on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis) (Figure 1(c)) via stimulation of NADPH oxidase, increased ROS generation, and activation of phospholipase D2 and janus kinase (JAK) 2 tyrosine phosphorylation, these effects being enhanced in the presence of high glucose concentrations or angiotensin II. Here, AGER is linked to atherosclerosis.