Lennon and colleagues discovered a biomarker for NMO; NMO-IgG is an autoantibody initially detected in the serum of 73% of NMO but less than 5% of CMS patients [10], which binds to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) [11], the most abundant water channel in the CNS [12-14]. The gene discussed is AQP4; the disease is neuromyelitis optica.