CPN1 and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: Cpn appears to be ubiquitous and has been implicated in several chronic diseases including atherosclerosis, vasculitis, and Alzheimer's disease.[51, 52] Cpn were implicated in the pathogenesis of MS after Cpn were isolated at Vanderbilt from the CSF of a patient with rapidly worsening MS, who improved after being treated with antibiotics.[53] This was followed by a study using tissue culture, isolated Cpn from 64% of CSF samples from MS patients and only 11% of OND controls.